Cyber-post for Letter from a Birmingham Jail
Post your group discussion comments here along with your personal responses. Make certain to include the reference using MLA formatting. The group discussion posts are due now, the essays (min. 250 words) are due by 1/16 11:50 PM
Read and respond to at least one other response. This is the rule for all assignments, even when I forget to state it.
For the article it is: King, Jr., Martin Luther. "Letter from a Birmingham Jail." 14 Jan. 2009
Another site where there is also audio is: http://www.thekingcenter.org/prog/non/Letter.html (This includes an audio link.)
The questions students responded to re: the King letter written in 1963 were as follows:
1. Identify the thesis.
2. What type of claim or argument is this? Is it a claim of value, a cliam of fact or a claim of policy? In the second class we spoke more about this and decided it was both a value statement. Clearly King is stating that some laws are just and others unjust or better than others. It is also an policy issue, because laws are policies or legal documents.
3. Note the repetition and other stylistic forms King employs. How does the writing style support the argument?
4. Who is the audience and why is King addressing them?
5. What about this letter gives it universal appeal? What makes it a great piece of literature?
Post your group discussion comments here along with your personal responses. Make certain to include the reference using MLA formatting. The group discussion posts are due now, the essays (min. 250 words) are due by 1/16 11:50 PM
Read and respond to at least one other response. This is the rule for all assignments, even when I forget to state it.
For the article it is: King, Jr., Martin Luther. "Letter from a Birmingham Jail." 14 Jan. 2009
Another site where there is also audio is: http://www.thekingcenter.org/prog/non/Letter.html (This includes an audio link.)
The questions students responded to re: the King letter written in 1963 were as follows:
1. Identify the thesis.
2. What type of claim or argument is this? Is it a claim of value, a cliam of fact or a claim of policy? In the second class we spoke more about this and decided it was both a value statement. Clearly King is stating that some laws are just and others unjust or better than others. It is also an policy issue, because laws are policies or legal documents.
3. Note the repetition and other stylistic forms King employs. How does the writing style support the argument?
4. Who is the audience and why is King addressing them?
5. What about this letter gives it universal appeal? What makes it a great piece of literature?
posted by Professor Wanda's Posse at 10:46 AM
36 Comments:
English 1A
8-8:50 AM
Colin Garvey
1)Identify the thesis:
Time alone isn't capable of curing the injustice; direct action must be taken for changes in discriminatory policies.
2)What type of argument is this? claim of fact, value, or policy
The argument is a claim of value and policy. King argues that some laws are just, while the discriminatory ones that devalue African Americans are not. The laws in question are society's policies.
3) Note the repetition and other stylistic forms King employs. How does the writing style support the argument?
King employs repetition to emphasize his message. He repeats certain points throughout his letter which allows for more reinforcement in an interesting way as opposed to a monotonous bulk. This creates a stronger and more appealing read.
4) Who is the audience and why is King addressing them?
The audience is a group of white clergymen who criticized Martin Luther King Jr.'s path of action. King writes them to explain that ceaseless oppression is not due to change anytime soon without direct action. He gives the clergy an inside look at the struggles that they endured for too long to justify his protest.
5)What about this letter gives it universal reach and appeal?
The Letter from Birmingham gives insight of the social injustices that African Americans were victim to in that time period. It is universal in the sense that it covers a conflict that shares common ground with racial tension in other parts of the world today. The approach he took was later proven to be successful proving that peaceful protest can achieve great results. The message is timeless.
Jack, June, Bridgette and Jennifer are the members of this group.
As we discussed our questions we agreed that the thesis of the letter was why direct action is the only way to battle unjust laws. We found many supporting pieces of evidence in the letter backing up his beliefs. Bridgette and I also discussed how we thought the audience was not only for the clergymen but for the entire nation. Bridgette spoke about why she thought the audience was for the white moderates because Dr. King says how he "hoped the white moderate would understand that law and order exist for the purpose of establishing justice and that when they fail in this purpose they become the dangerously structures dams that block the flow of justice ." Honestly we didn't have much time to finish discussing all of the questions. Concluding our discussion, we spoke about writing the essay on this letter and exchanging e-mail addresses.
English 1A 9-9:50am
Hong Tang
1)What type of argument is this: claim of fact, value, or policy?
The type of argument of this letter is value. The importance of this letter indicates Dr. King’s words and what he is going through. It is representing not only African American but everyone that have the right to value their freedom.
2)What is the thesis?
The thesis of this letter is unreasonable and injustice laws are being made. Laws should be passed to solve problems and not to cause more problems. It’s not right to make laws to harm civilians; laws are made to protect the justices.
3)Note the repetition and other stylistic forms King employs. How does the writing style support the argument?
Dr. King’s words repeatedly letting everyone know that everyone should be treated equally and this shouldn’t be changed with violence involving in it.
4)Who is the audience and why is King addressing them?
This letter was intended for the clergymen of Birmingham , but ultimately the world. The world weren’t constructed in many parts; it was born to be one. Dr. King is dedicating this letter to everyone that have a heart to live and a brain to think whether which way to go is right and treating everyone else equally is just suitable for others.
5)What about this letter gives it universal reach and appeal?
The peaceful manner of this letter gives it a universal reach. Dr. King also spoke on events that took place in countries such as China . It is written in 1965 while Dr. King was in jail, which makes it more important. The world is involved in it because freedom is what everyone needs.
this group contains nini wooten, jameisha harris, and andrew vincent.
our response is......
1. but since i feel that you are men of ginuine good will and that your criticisms are sincerely set forth, i want to try to answer your statement in what i hope will be patient and reasonable terms.
2.we believe its claim of value.
3.he uses " I am" alot and takes full responsibility for his actions and consequences. Also everything he stated was supported by historical references which helped voice his argument.
4.king is speaking to his clergymen they are the audience because they felt kngs actions were unwise and untimely and he didnt want to loose their support.
5. the tone of this letter gives it an universal appeal, how one man did all this to help his people. it comes strait from the heart, where he was so focused and it holds value along with a claim of policy. all this together makes it a great peice of literature.
I believe the main point that Dr. king was trying to make is that any unjust law shouldn't be recognized as a law at all. another underlining tone that was taken up by King is the fact that time is not always on the just persons side, so while many people said it wasn't the right time, King believed that it was because of the people who thought that way why progress was always being delayed.
King supported his argument by listing several bible refrences.He also used the teachings of some of the great past philosophers to compare his actions with theres; to me the best comparison came when spoke of the late great Socrates and how he chose death before before he would be shut up because he knew he could never stop telling the truth, it was only right for him to do so.The civil disobedience being done by King was what had to be done; to him there was nothing more important so it was worth the unjust punnishment.
I believe King was speaking to his fellow clergy men,but for the most part white moderates who believed in the civil rights movement but stood around idly. These white moderates thought time would heal all wounds,they were scared of the racial tension so they didn't want to see the dirt get kicked up. Dr. King argued that time is neutral,we have to combine our actions with it so it would be an ally for the movement, the time must be used creatively to get things done.
This letter could pertain to many different situations through time.One example of this fact is that time is a neutral factor in every situation;it is what we make of it.Through the course of life we all come upon times were we feel mistreated,its our responsibility to stand up for all types of injustice so they will never happen again. Most people think of a way it wont happen to them ever again; we need to learn to see these injustices as universal wrongs so they wont happen to anyone.
Gerrell Knox Eng.1A 9-10am
This comment has been removed by the author.
1. Identify the thesis.
The thesis describes the need for direct action. Martin Luther King Jr.’s thesis addresses the need for direct action, he supports this need by describing and chronicling the steps he and his fellow “justice seekers” took.
1. Identifying the injustice
2. Negotiation
3. Self purification
4. Direct action (not violent action).
2. What type of claim or argument is this? Is it a claim of value, a cliam of fact or a claim of policy?
Martin Luther King Jr. provides facts of the accusations of Blacks to support his arguments on policy and value. He addresses policy through the difference between just and un-just laws. He summarizes that any unjust laws are simply morally, ethically and naturally wrong for humankind.
3. Note the repetition and other stylistic forms King employs. How does the writing style support the argument?
Martin Luther King Jr. uses citations form biblical references recognizing the support of Jesus Christ. Jesus was an “agitator” and “disturber of the peace” as he fought for equality. The people of the church worship him but cannot seem to apply his actions to the issues of 1963.
4. Who is the audience and why is King addressing them?
The direct audience is the clergy of Birmingham; however, he is also directing his letter to the white moderate, pressing for action. The letter is beneficial to anyone whom chooses to read it as it highlights key issues of morality, values, and ethics for all mankind.
5. What about this letter gives it universal appeal? What makes it a great piece of literature?
His letter is a lesson to all people at any time in history. It signifies the importance of equality. It simplifies the natural law that all people are equal.
King, Martin Luther Jr. “Birmingham Letter.” University Of Pennsylvania. Page editor: Ali B. Ali-Dinar Ph.D. 15 Jan. 2009. www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham.html
Rebecca Evans English 1a 9-9:50 response to responses of MLK Birmingham Letter
I have enjoyed all the posts and agree with Gerrell Knox and the points he brought to light. As I read his post I saw the deeper meanings and underlying points of the letter.
I noticed King’s numerous citations and references from religion as did Gerrell. King saw that the “church goers” were not following their true beliefs as stated in the bible, “love your enemies, bless them which despitefully use you, and persecute you.” (Martin Luther King Jr.) It is easy for the people to go to church and think their sins are absolved however; they did not “practice what they preached”. Jesus led a life agitating and disrupting the peace in any attempts to reach peace and equality. While the clergy believe in Jesus and his teachings they are not applying his actions to the realities of 1963.
I also agreed wit Gerrell in that King was directing to his letter not only to the clergy men but also to the white moderate, “but for the most part white moderates who believed in the civil rights movement but stood around idly” , (Gerrell Knox). He longed for some sort of action after numerous attempts at negations. King could wait no longer for time to slip away and loose another day, hour or even minute of what he and all the other African Americans deserved most…equality.
King, Martin Luther Jr. “Birmingham Letter.” University Of Pennsylvania. Page editor: Ali B. Ali-Dinar Ph.D. 15 Jan. 2009. http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham.html
Eng 1a 8- 8:50
Nathan Ramirez
1. Identify the thesis.
2. What type of claim or argument is this? Is it a claim of value, a cliam of fact or a claim of policy?
3. Note the repetition and other stylistic forms King employs. How does the writing style support the argument?
4. Who is the audience and why is King addressing them?
5. What about this letter gives it universal appeal? What makes it a great piece of literature?
1. The thesis is Dr.King is tired of waiting and wants to take direct action
2. The type of argument is value and policy. value because king states some laws are just and others are un-just. laws are a form of policy.
3. King employs repetition to emphasize his thesis by providing a bulk of similar evidence.
4. The audience is clergymen of Birmingham. King writes them to explain why he decided to take direct action in the form of peaceful protest.
5. The letter from Birmingham give insight on the social injustices of that time period and is a perfect example of a fully functional and peaceful reformation
Response to MLK April 16 1963 speech
This very powerful speech is a side of a very big argument, which is supported by facts. One of the biggest arguments in the United States history is the segregation of the black people during the life the Martin Luther King Jr. The facts the Dr. King states throughout this speech / letter are clearly point of history that actually happened, not some exaggerated drama sequence that he thought up. This was a real life issue that affected everyday life, among all people; it was hard on either side to make sure that the line of separation was not crossed. He is not trying to state a policy or a foolproof plan of how to solve this problem, he is trying to first reach out to his fellow clergymen to get them to open there eyes and see the truth, the hard reality of this “unjust law” that is tearing the country apart and is singling out a group of people for no reason, no reason at all.
The thesis has numerous supportive evidence throughout the letter. Dr. King is creating example after example of experiments showing that an unjust law is easy to identify from a just law. He uses each excuse that the politian’s have and fits it into an illustration in almost every portion of this speech. He talks about the moral side of the law, the humane side of the law, the biblical side of the law, and in each scenario he tears down the flimsy excuse that the hide behind. The action taken against Dr. King for “ parading without is permit” happened six years after the segregation law passed, which demanded equal rights for all people. Here Dr. King is six years later, still trying to get people to reason with the law. He refers to the Greek philosophers and the bible as references that support his just truth.
Dr. King refers over and over again to the bottom line of his letter, the eternal battle between the “unjust and the just”, which the law of the land in this case are in the spotlight. He references these two types of laws, throughout the entire speech, he touches on every aspect and characteristic of the angles of each. Dr. King keeps readers interested by applying numerous analogies to achieve his goal, which is to present the truth in an appealing way, by ripping away all excuses to ignore and defy it. He uses what he knows, which is why as a Baptist minister uses biblical, and historical references, knowing that the clergymen that this letter was aimed at originally, would have a hard time ignoring the biblical implications of their actions.
This letter started out in the beginning as a letter from one Baptist preacher to the board of ministers he was affiliated with in Alabama, but as the letter goes on it changes to, “ my Christian and Jewish brothers, “ because the subject matter is so explosive, it becomes a worldwide correspondence addressed to everyone. (pg5 pp20) The segregation was affecting all people in the United States not only the leaders in the church. This is the same subject brothers killed each other over in the civil war, a diluted version of the subject that killed President Abraham Lincoln. So he was right in standing up for something that even his violent death could not change completely. He died for someithing he believed in.
Nely Ruiz
English 1 A 9:00AM – 1O:OOam
English 1A, 9-9:50AM
Cecilia, Hassan, Jeremy, Cesangory 1. What type of argument is this? claim of fact, value, or policy The argument is a claim of value and policy. King argues that that we have a moral responsibility to lobby and make sure the laws that are being created, the ones that are being used to 'keep society safe' are just to all. He also makes an argument that we as people have to start looking out for each other as a community and moves away from the thinking just about ourself, that an unjust act towards your neighbor is a an injustice to yourself.
2. Identify the Thesis
The main thesis of the speech is to explain to the leaders of the churches why he is first in Birmingham. He wants to explain to them his moral obligation and duty and what action King will take.
3. Note the repetition and other stylistic forms King employs. How does the writing style support the argument? King uses repetition to emphasize his message. He also uses analogizes, biblical and historical references, to emphasize that what he is preaching is moral correct.
4. Who is the audience and why is King addressing them? The intended audience members are the white clergymen who have chosen to conform to the norm of the time. These clergymen have also been highly critical of Martin Luther King Jr.'s "revolutionary" ideas. He writes to them in hope of reminding them that they have a moral obligation and duty to persuade them to joining his efforts.
5. What about this letter gives it universal reach and appeal? The Letter from Birmingham have universal appeal because King dared to speak truthfully about what was going on in the south, something that many people dared to do at the time. He could no longer wait for the clergymen of the south to lag behind. King was trying to inspire and remind people why he and others worked hard to make sure that everyone had the same rights as everyone else.
Paola Garcia
English 1A 8:00-8:50
Letter from Birmingham Jail
Professor Wanda:
As we spoke on the phone, here is my summary and the answer for the questions as well. These answers are not organized by number; they will be within the summary. Thanks for taking the time to speak with me on the phone I really appreciated
The Letter from Birmingham Jail was written by Martin Luther King on 1963. Martin Luther king has been known for been one of the most important and influential leaders on the American civil rights struggle.
Martin Luther King wrote the letter from the city jail in Birmingham. He had been arrested after a peaceful protest against segregation. This protest took place because of the indifference of the Birmingham’s society with the unfair treatment given to the African American population at that time. As he says on his letter: “…we were the victims of a broken promise….As in so many past experiences, our hopes had been blasted, and the shadow of deep disappointment settled upon us.”
This letter was written in a response to a statement made by eight white Alabama clergymen on April 12, 1963 title “A call for unity”. In this statement, they acknowledge the fact that injustice was happening but they criticized and oppose the necessity of the actions taken by the King. They strongly believed that the battle against segregation should be fought in courts and not in the streets. On Kings response, the main thesis was the idea that without forceful, direct actions, such as his, true civil rights could never be achieved. In his own words: “This ‘Wait’ has almost always meant ‘Never.” In the same manner he strongly suggests that civil disobedience is justified in the face of unjust laws and “one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws”. Because injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere; additionally he shouts to the society that anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere within its bounds, so the idea of an “outside agitator” was out of the question.
This masterpiece is very important for a lot of reasons. First, he calls the white clergyman “men of genuine goodwill”. This proves a very calm and pacific attitude in his defense. As well he avoids harsh words against the whites. This was useful to appeal white audiences.
In addition, King was wise and effective enough to use the emotions to appeal to the audience. He illustrated the sermons and speeches from the Bible, and this seems to have helped King create highly emotional writings to appeal to different audiences. The reason this is so important is because as a Reverend he knew the influence that religion had at that time in the society. As well he used the word God in a very substantial way. One of the reasons why the use of religion is so important in this peace is because he clearly believes that Christian religion is equality and mutual respect. He says as well that white and black people are both children of God.
A very important approach in the letter is when he compares himself Apostle Paul saying that he is going to carry the gospel of freedom to the places beyond his native town. He did this for two reasons, the first one he could reach everyone though the church and the last one and most important one that was taking a sacred mission and he was expecting the support of everyone. (Including the white ones).
The emotional strength makes this a great piece of literature; his message is passionate, sensational and very clear. The repetition of his arguments and specific words are done in order to awake the emotions of the audience. It is a peace of literature that touches everyone and makes people think about injustice and indifference.
NOTE: The MLS Formating can not be apply here.
Hassan Moore.
Eng. 1A
*This is my personal review of the work*
1. Identify the thesis.
The thesis of this letter was that a just society can not be formed unless injustice is challenged, and that society can not grow without just conflict against immorality.
That freedom from oppression must be fought for, because it will only come as a result of decisive action, and that often it is only through a form of nonviolent disruption that a society will be forced to reconsider its standpoint on an issue.
Another integral part of the thesis, was an often mentioned feeling of disappointment in the skewed views and position held by the majority of the members of the clergy, the dithering of the moderates (who had it within their power to affect change in the culture),
and that the flawed beliefs of the ruling society were shared, or through inaction allowed by an organization that professes ethics and love.
2. What type of argument is it, a claim of fact, policy or value?
I believe it to be a mixture of all, but more so of the latter.
It stands as an argument about the issues of policy because it clearly defines the social, legal, and constitutional injustices being committed at the time. It is written in the second paragraph of the Declaration of Independence, the manifesto of American freedom, that all people in this nation are entitled to the right to live life comfortably and without persecution. It also states that it is the right of the people when a government is unjust to use civil and sometimes radical means to alter that government for the better. So this is letter clearly states an issue of policy and assuring that the rights granted by liberty are for, and serve all people.
This letters intent on presenting an argument based on value is obvious, just by its very nature as well as by its content. The issues discussed within are some of the cardinal points of human rights and civility. There are many points during the letter where a religious value is called into account, and the thought that someone of faith has an inherent duty to support justice and morality. It also speaks deeply with the underlying tone, that equality is, and should be self evident. It is during these points in the letter that I see the simultaneous expression of value and fact. The argument that tied it all together were the statements that show that societies moral, political, and physical standpoint on human rights needed to be amended, in order to make a nation with more equality and justice.
3.Note the repetition and other stylistic forms King employs. How does the writing style support the argument?
Dr. King’s literary cadence and use of reiteration and metaphor help to paint a vivid picture to the reader and inspire the genuine emotion and concern necessary for the message to be received. He utilizes historical citation of some of the great minds of democratic principles, to show that the precedence set by them for justice, is in accordance with the civil rights movement. His use of biblical references was employed to show the parallels and timelessness of all just action.
4. Who is the audience and why is King addressing them?
The audience being addressed in this letter are the members of the clergy who were critical of Dr. King’s actions, without completely understanding or considering the need for and weight of his deeds. He is addressing them because he feels that they are people of understanding and that perhaps, if they had a full view of what is necessary and what precipitated his actions, he could gain their support.
5. What about this letter gives it universal appeal? What makes it a great piece of literature?
The universal and immutable appeal of this letter is that it is a comprehensive expression of revolution and positive change. There have always been struggles related to civility and justice, and they continue today, but pieces of literature like this show the pivotal thoughts and decisions that must be made in order to make the world a more cohesive and peaceful place. It shows us where we have been, how far we have come, and how far we still have to go in search of a civilization of true liberty.
Jose Vasquez
English 1A 9:00 -10:00 AM
1) Identify the thesis?
The thesis in Martin Luther King’s letter is that all men and women are created equal and that all people no matter what color they are should have the right to express. People should fight for justice by taking direct action that was the only way to change discriminatory policies.
2) What type of argument is this? Claim of fact, value, or policy?
The type of argument found in this letter is value. The letter shows that Martin Luther King really believed that all people should have equal rights. Martin Luther king provides facts of many blacks that suffer to support his claim in the letter. He explains why unjust laws are harmful to society.
3) Note the repetition and other stylistic forms King employs. How does the writing style support the argument?
Martin Luther King uses repetition to make his point clear. He wants people to know that everything that he is saying is very important. Martin Luther King uses many well-known references to captivate the reader. He uses biblical and historical references because he wants to make his point clear to the clergymen.
4) Who is the audience and why is king addressing them?
The letter was intended for the clergymen. The clergymen were pastors from the Christian church. Martin Luther King received many letters from church pastors and ministers calling his actions stupid and ridiculous. The audiences are also white people who at that time did not agree with Martin Luther king’s actions. The reason why Martin Luther king decided to address the clergymen was because he felt that they did not understand his actions due to the fact that they had been brain washed by the media or by others. Martin Luther King felt that the clergymen were good people and that they were worth the time explaining his actions and ideas for them to understand.
5) What about this letter gives it universal appeal? What makes it a great piece of writing?
What give this letter universal appears is that Martin Luther King uses many different events to explain that history repeats itself. Martin Luther King talks about how apostle Paul spread the word of Jesus Christ into the Roman Empire. How Adolf Hitler was able to kill so many people in a so-called legal way. Martin Luther King felt that the same was occurring in the United States. He felt that White people were creating unjust laws that were killing black people, just like Hitler killed millions of Jews. What makes this letter such a great piece of literature is the method that he wrote it. His letter is so powerful that it really makes the reader think of what he means. King uses many literal devices such as anology, repetition, and imagery to captivate the reader.
Poindexter 1
Carla Poindexter
Wanda Sabir
English 1A 9-10
16 January 2009
The Letter from Birmingham
On April 16, 1963 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote a letter of great significance to his fellow clergymen. The letter is of great significance because King authored the letter while incarcerated in the Birmingham, Alabama city jail. King addressed his fellow clergymen to explain his presence in Birmingham as well as his position on civil rights movement activities. King begins his letter by stating, “I think I should indicate why I am here in Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the view which argues against “outsiders coming in.” (Para. 2) King manages to justify his presence in Birmingham by sharing that, “Several months ago the affiliate here in Birmingham asked us to be on call to engage in a nonviolent direct action program if such were deemed necessary.” (Para. 2)
During the civil rights movement the status quo belief was that segregation could not become illegal because it was in fact law. “Who can say that the legislature of Alabama which set up that state’s segregation laws was democratically elected? “ (Para. 16) “Can any law enacted under such circumstances be considered democratically structured?” (Para. 16)
Poindexter 2
Since the establishment of segregation was unfair and strictly enforced there was a need for creative action. “One who breaks an unjust law must do so openly, lovingly, and with a willingness to accept the penalty.” (Para. 18) King devised a way to protest against the status quo. If protesting against the status quo meant imprisonment then so be it.
Furthermore, King was willing to put his freedom on the line for the advancement and victory of all people:
Oppressed people cannot remain oppressed forever. The yearning for freedom eventually manifests itself, and that is what has happened to the American Negro. Something within has reminded him of his birthright of freedom, and something without has reminded him that it can be gained. (Para 26)
Works Cited
King, Martin Luther Jr. University of Pennsylvania “Birmingham Letter”
16 April 1963 http:www.africa.upenn.edu/ArticlesGen/LetterBirmingham.html
Carla Poindexter
Eng. 1A 9-10
This post is a response to Gerrell Knox's essay on the Birmingham letter.
I agree with Mr. Knox's idea that King's main point is, "that any unjust law shouldn't be recognized as a law at all." I am glad Knox mentioned more than one main point. I did not gather on my own another message King introduced was time is not always on the side of those just persons.
I think biblical references are are always important. I am a very spirtual person. I like to hear "the word" throughout the week. Hearing "the word" throughout the week gives me the strenght I need to endure the daily challenges of life.
We know King literally addressed the letter to his fellow clergymen. I would like to presume that King also wanted to speak to everyone in the world. I imagine that King new the civil rights movement in the US would effect everyone in our global community. King, himself, did mention the advancements of other people in our global community.
Christina Palacios, Carmen Truong, Man Quach
Eng 1a, 9:00-10:00
1. type of arguement.
we think that thi si a claim of value because in this letter Dr. King talks about the unjust law that this country had that used only to protect some people(white) and put the other people(colored) down.
2.Identify the thesis & its supportive evidence.
the thesis of this letter is about the unjust law in the society used against colored people. Dr. King also say that in order to solved this problem we must take direct nonviolent action against the unjust law.
3.Note the repetition.
Dr. King strongly expresses his need for direct action with a nonviolent approach. he uses references from the bible, his life experiences and example of similar discrimination fromother countries in the past such as "Hilter and the Jew".
4. who is the audience?
the audience would be the clergymen of birmingham, but ultimatly we think it to the world.
5.does this letter give it a universal reach?
the peaceful manner of this letter give it a universal reach, which relate to anyone with morals for mankind.
Rebecca Evans Martin Luther King Jr. letter individual response 1/16/09 English 1a 9-9:50
Dr. Martin Luther King presents an argument based on policies and values. He employs several arguments to convey his thesis: the need for direct action.
King was arrested after peacefully fighting for natural human equality. The key points King used to address this issue of inequity are: just versus unjust laws and the role of the church. King differentiates the difference between a just and an unjust law. “A just law is a man made code that squares with the moral law or the law of god. An unjust law is a code that is out of harmony with the moral law” (King, paragraph 14). An unjust law is not rooted in any eternal or natural law. King is emphasizing that it is not morally right to treat any of god’s creatures with such indignation. King supports the argument of values with the help of Jewish philosopher Martin Buber; that is, “substitutes an ‘I it’ relationship with that of an ‘I thou’ relationship which ends up relegating persons to the status of things. Hence, segregation is not only politically, economically, and sociologically unsound, it is morally wrong and sinful.” (King, paragraph 14)
King also argues that the act of segregation is not based on policy. Whites enforce the laws and codes of conduct but do not have such strict regulations on their lives. For a true democracy all citizens must have equal options and opportunities. “An unjust law is a code that a numerical or power majority group compels a minority group to obey but does not make binding on itself.” (King, paragraph 15) The majority is enforcing the laws on the minority but they would never follow their own enforcements. This is direct evidence for an unjust law.
King’s thesis in his letter to the clergymen written during his stay at the Brigham jail is the build up and ultimate need for direct action. King supports the need for direct action by chronicling the steps he and fellow “peace and equality seekers” took before deciding on direct action.
King was invited to Birmingham by the Southern Christians Membership Conference in an attempt to spread equally. He, however, was not welcomed with open arms. After numerous unproductive negotiations with the city fathers, economic community and church community, he took the next step of self purification. He led himself and others through practices of self purification assuring that they were true in their facts and strong in their resolve of peaceful, non violent communication and advancement. Finally with no progress after bettering themselves, working with and for the community, there was no other choice but to take direct action.
King pulls from great scholars such as Socrates and St. Augustine while implying an undertone of maturity and composure. King focuses a large potion of his argument on the approach of Jesus and the church, thousands of years ago compared to the approach and actions of the church in 1963.
Jesus was considered an “agitator” and a “peace disturber” in his time as he fought for equality and acceptance for all. Quoted from Jesus and the bible, “Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecutes you” (King, paragraph 25). Jesus was an extremist as was Martin Luther King, Jr. The white church claims to worship and to praise Jesus and to follow the bible for it is morally wrong and to disobey would be a sin. However, these fellow clergy and church members are hypocrites! Jesus sought peace and never intended or promoted violence as a means to reach his goal. Martin Luther King, Jr. and his conference were modern-day prophets of Jesus searching for what seems to have been lost: equality and peace.
The clergymen of Birmingham were his main audience. However, King directs a strong argument toward the white moderate, calling for action. In many cases standing in the middle of a torn subject can prove more debilitating than to simply choose a side. The white moderates easily agree with options and actions but never carry out these actions themselves. The white moderate is “more devoted to ‘order’ than to justice” (King, paragraph 20). These moderates would rather see a negative peace versus a positive tension. They are afraid of change; afraid of the unknown. Though the white moderates cannot make a decision, some of their being longs for a new arrival to peace. King asks these men and woman to step up and either choose the side of peace or the side of segregation --- for doing nothing helps no one.
King’s letter to the Clergyman of Birmingham reaches far beyond. Throughout history his letter can be easily applied. Everyday there is injustices and King’s letter questions the reasoning behind these injustices and calls on us to question the difference between a just and an unjust law. His letter empowers us to take peaceful action to remedy our ills.
King, Martin Luther Jr. “Birmingham Letter.” University Of Pennsylvania. Page editor: Ali B. Ali-Dinar Ph.D. 15 Jan. 2009. www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham.html
My Essay in response to "The Letter from a Birmingham Jail"
Jennifer Gonzales
Eng 1A 9-950
I feel Dr. King's thesis in the Letter from a Birmingham Jail is why engaging in a non-violent direct action program is necessary to demand the freedom and justice people deserve but have been denied for so long. Dr. King says, "We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed." (paragraph 12), There are many pieces of evidence that support his thesis. Dr. King lived in a time where injustice flooded his nation. He became available to affiliates when action was needed. Dr. King said, "so I am compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond his own home town," (paragraph 3 ) by demonstrating his non-violent campaign in Birmingham. King knew it was necessary for this to arise because it had been too long and the people should not allow this to continue any longer, he said, "it was unfortunate that the demonstration took place, but felt it was even more unfortunate that the city's white power structure left Negro community with no alternative." (paragraph 5) , /, "We have waited for more than 340 years for our constitutional and god given rights. " He felt it was time to end the injustice.
I believe the type of argument Dr. King speaks upon is based solely on value and policy. It is of policy and value because he strongly believes that we have only 2 types of law: just and unjust. He feels that everyone not only has a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws but also to disobey unjust laws. Just because it is a law that does not mean it is right. An unjust law is a law that is man made and goes against our morals. A just law makes the human personality rise above immoral things. He never wanted anyone to disobey laws because that would only lead to anarchy. Dr. King knows just from unjust, and just is what everyone should follow, but If they did break an unjust law, they had to do it from the heart, knowing and accepting the consequences. He states, "I submit that an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over it's injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect for law." (paragraph 18)
Dr. King has a very diverse style of writing. He has been influenced by many historical people so he repeatedly mentions many well known religious leaders throughout his letter like: Apostle Paul, Socrates, St. Augustine and even Adolf Hitler. He uses these leaders and their actions to explain his point of view. By using these men as examples, he shows the audience that he is not the only one who has believed in something so strongly, that they fought and preached the same way he did. I also noticed he repeatedly uses questions as a style to answer the curious audience, because he is concerned about what others think about his actions. As he expresses empathy so strongly, that shows me that he understands both sides.
The audience is mainly his fellow clergymen but I also believe the entire future of the nation is his audience as well. He wrote the letter so that when the clergymen read it, they can then relay the message and information down to the other disciples, who will then spread that news to the other followers. Because he was in jail that was the only way to communicate with his fellow leaders. He is a very sophisticated man and he knew without any regard to the nation, that by him writing this letter would impact his followers and believers. Although he did not know we would be reading his letter today, I think he wrote it for the sake of mankind. That is why I feel we are the audience too.
The way Dr. King addresses many of the issues he faced back in the day, universally it appeals to what we are going through right now. We have many issues and injustice behavior lurking in our nation, for example: sexual orientation, anti-abortionists, iraq/palestine war, Guantanamo Bay prisoner acts and the Grant homicide. We have won battles and lost some, but as long as we have that flame burning inside of us for freedom, justice and equality then Dr. Martin Luther King's dream will live on forever through us. As a civil rights activist, integrationist and christian brother, Dr. King gave a perfect example of what we stand for as people, as a nation. In his letter he expresses so much empathy towards his people, devotion towards what he believed in, hope and honesty. He emphasizes a dream that he knew could come true and that's what makes it a great piece of literature.
Ali-Dinar, Ali B. Ph.D. (Page Editor) "Letter from a Birmingham Jail [King, Jr.]" 16 April 1963 African Studies Center - University of pennsylvania. http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham.html
My Personal Repsonse to the letter
Jennifer Gonzales
Eng 1A 9-950
When I read Dr. King's letter, it filled me up with pride. Pride in knowing that there was someone out there courages enough to speak for the people. The people who felt that there was nothing they could do about the injustice they were receiving, people who felt that they could never free themselves from opression. We are all fortunate to have had such an intelligent, loving, caring, strong and understanding leader as Martin Luther King. He has opened many doors and paved a way for growth and opportunity for us. For example, Barack Obama is our president!! I never thought that in a thousand years would our president be colored. But the crazy thing is, Dr. King did, he knew that if he continued to fight for freedom and injustice that we would all have an equal opportunity for everything. I appreciate a man like that, one who knows right from wrong and will fight for what he believes in. If it wasn't for Dr. King, I think our nation would be a difficult and sad place to live in, on top of the many issues we already face. He empowers me to become a better person.
Andre Stephens
Professor Sabir
English 1A, 9-9:50
16 January 2009
Letter from a Birmingham Jail
The thesis of King’s letter was inequality and injustice against African Americans as a result of segregation is wrong. These are claims of value (morals) and law because King pointed out in his letter that “one has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws and one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws” (3). King believes that African Americans had not been treated fairly in the courts and authorities had not done much to find out who was responsible for church bombings in the U.S. This is a claim of fact and policy (law).
King uses repetition to make sure that what he is talking about is understood. Since the letter is long, the use of similes and metaphors are used to keep the reader interested. King states, “There comes a time when the cup of endurance runs over, and men are no longer willing to be plunged into the abyss of despair” (3). The writing style also supports his arguments by giving examples to prove his point.
The audience was the fellow clergymen and white moderates, and the letter was in response to them referring to King as “outsiders coming in”, “rabble rousers” and “outside agitators” because King and others no longer wanted to let things continue as usual. King was also called an “extremist” for wanting justice and equality for all. King compares what he was trying to accomplish with biblical people such as Jesus, Amos and Paul. He believed that if all men are created equal, then all men should be treated equally.
This letter gives universal appeal because equality should be for everyone and it is important to take a stand and make sacrifices even if you have to stand alone. It is a great piece of literature because of the history of how far we’ve come, and it gives future generations an opportunity to read King’s writings.
Works Cited
King, Martin Luther Jr. “Letter From a Birmingham Jail” 16 Apr. 1963. African
Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, Page Editor: Ali B. Ali-Dinar,
Ph.D. http//www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham.html
Anthony Dominguez Eng 1A 8-8:50am
It’s hard to believe this letter was written only 40 years ago. It almost seems as if the injustice during this time never existed because I have never experienced segregation and racism to the extent that was present during these times. Nowadays I think we take for granted the fact that we can attend schools with such diversity, especially living in the Bay Area. King made it clear that a change was necessary and that things weren’t going to change on their own, that people couldn’t wait for something to happen and that they had to fight for their freedom regardless of the consequences. He was true to himself until the end and people took notice, he was a courageous leader with a plan and a dream that he believed could truly be achieved. To read one of his pieces of work such as Letter from a Birmingham Jail is a privilege and is really something special because I get a feel of what kind of person King was. He understood that through nonviolent demonstration, there would be pressure on those in power for negotiation. The black community and even people of other races would no longer stand for the injustice that they were being put through. I wasn’t alive during the same time as this historic figure but he paved the way and set up a foundation where we can succeed as one nation and I am grateful for that. Now we are only days away from the first African American in office and I have hope that things will only continue to progress and get better for this country.
Bridgette Copprue Eng 1A 9-10 1/17/09
In response to Dr. King's article while in the Birmingham City Jail as well as my fellow classmates posts. I am having a big problem of sending my responses to the correct blog spot or I just don't know what I am doing but here goes:
1)On the group discussions which one of the members in our group stated, we weren't able to discuss every question, the type of argument we thought that Dr. King made in his jail cell speach encompassed all aspects of fact, policy and values.
a)Fact- the laws were unjust because a black man or Negro man could not receive a permit to protest peacefully or otherwise when a white man could.
b)Policy- it was policy all around the South that Negroes were inferior and they could not and would not be given the liberal priviledges any other human would be given.
c)Values- Negroes, as they were called in those days had the same values, feelings and pride as their White fellow citizens had when it came to being discriminated against, harrassed for no apparent reason and so forth.
2. The thesis of Dr. King's speach was indeed his direct action approach to the situation in Birmingham Alabama by forming a peaceful protest.
The writing style of repetitiousness and stylistic form in Dr. King's letter never let you forget what he is talking about. The injustices that are blatanly being leveled on a race of people while others stand idly by.
4.Once again the audience, I believe, is the "white moderates" as Dr. King named them. The ones that could get his message out to the mass media. Black folk knew their place and dared not jump out in front street as Dr. King did. He felt that the clergys of the white moderate society could far most reach more of the nation than the black moderates(if you could called them that)could.
5. This letter gives a universal reach because of its being able to touch lives so many years after it was written and Dr. King, not knowing at the time,that so many people know of him and his message of nonviolence.
Published in:
King,Martin Luther Jr.
From http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles Gen/Letter Birmingham.html
Bridgette Copprue
Eng 1A 9-10
Jan 17, 2009
In response to my classmates...
I was reading so many posts that I wanted to comment on and forgot who said what...but know this, in Dr. King's speach it was deeper than any natural man could vision; on the other hand, a spiritual man could see his message. Just like the Red Sea. Remember how Moses didn't have nothing in his hand but a rod? One other point that I would like to make is that Dr. King did not state that there were two laws that he believed in;only justice for all men. Okay, I'll end now, thinking that I am in Bible class. This is very interesting.
Bridgette Copprue
Eng 1A 9-10
Jan 17 2009
A quick response to one of my classmate's post that I intended to state first: That God is not the "author of confusion" but the "God of peace"(ICor.14:33 KJV)
Egla Tadesse
Eng. 1A 8-8:50am
1. Martin Luther King's thesis in the letter from Birmingham jail is that equal rights for African Americans can't be denied any longer, and these unjust laws that hinder the lives of African Americans need to stop.
2. I believe the argument in this essay is claim of fact, and value. King expresses in the essay how the value of African American rights are nonexistent and gives examples from reliable sources such as the bible and Abraham Lincoln to prove this.
3. King repeats certain points in his essay multiple times to add emphasis on them. The main point he repeats throughout the essay is there needs to be a change made, and by repetitively touching on this point it not only emphasizes but it also makes the audience remember the point he is trying to get across.
4. The audience King is addressing are a group of white clergymen, but anyone that is willing to listen and try to make a difference as well. King addresses them in this essay to tell them that direct action needs to take place for change to occur, and for African Americans to get equal rights.
5.The thing that gives this letter universal reach and appeal is that King uses examples of oppression that took place in other countries. He used the Jews, and Chinese as an example.
Touching on different countries tells the audience that other races went through or are presently going through the same problem, which gets universal appeal on this subject.
Ms. Sabir,
I wanted to clarify that my 1st post on the response to the Birmingham jail letter is for the group of Rebecca Evans, Munkhjin Munkhbuatar, and Joyce Cho.
Sorry for any confussion.
Thank you,
Rebecca Evans
Andrew Vincent
Prof. Sabir
English 1a
19 January 2009
Response to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”1
Dr. King’s letter paints a detailed portrait of his views regarding the struggle to end segregation in this country. His writing serves it’s original purpose, refuting the claims by certain southern religious leaders that Kings actions were “unwise and untimely”, but also gains a real poignancy when viewed as a historical document. Today, as our nation observes King’s birthday, reading his words written from captivity reminds me of his charisma, oratory skill, and bravery.
I was struck with the frequent and detailed use of scripture to support his arguments. In today’s increasingly secular political environment, I’m afraid that this type of biblical knowledge and reference would be seen as insubstantial and irrelevant. It seems to me that during the last decade we’ve only seen references to one’s faith in a context that puts them beyond discussion. Specifically I’m referring to George W. Bush’s references to his own religious beliefs, or the media’s ill conceived efforts to cast doubt on Obama’s candidacy relative to his religious affiliations. We attempt to acknowledge the significance of faith in the lives of our public figures, while disregarding it as a valid point of view, both on the part of our legal institutions, as well as educational systems. I believe that Dr. King’s perspectives, while well received by the letters intended audience, would not be given adequate consideration in our culture today. I can all too easily imagine secular correspondents on Fox News dismissing his argument as religious hullabaloo.
It is as a result of this that I look forward to joining my classmates and school in viewing the upcoming inauguration ceremony. President-elect Obama’s selection of Rick Warren as a clergyman to begin the event speaks volumes about the political environment we can look forward to during the 4 years to come. There is an implicit hope that goes along with this readiness to lend a well known conservative religious leader an audience at this auspicious occasion which, I think, is sorely needed in all our nations dealings at this point in time.
If we, as a nation, are truly about to embark upon a journey which begins the long process of reconciliation, both religious and racial, the I think Dr. King would approve. His obvious zeal for justice and desire for healing and cooperation that he voices so vehemently in this long letter strongly suggest that this is true. His desire to root out injustice and inequality would be a welcome addition in the incoming administration.
1King Jr., Martin Luther, “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” (http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham.html)
Angela Sterling
Lori Pondok
Parvinder Pal
English 1A
8:00-8:50
"Letter From A Birmingham Jail" Group Response
Identify the thesis:
The main point articulated in this letter was how Dr. King came to Birmingham to take direct action against the segrigation injustices in the city.
What type of argument is this:
this argument is claim of policy as it invloves many laws; specifically Dr. King discusses whether laws are just or injust.
How does the writing style support the argument:
The writing style in this letter is persuasive as well as informative. This supports his argument because he is attempting to prove a point.
Who is the audience and why is King addressing them:
Dr. King is addressing the clergymen because they named his actions in Birmingham "unwise and untimely".
What about htis letter gives it a universal reach and universal appeal:
This letter is universal because King talks about issues that have effected people's lives whether they experinced it personally or indirectly. Also, this letter offers inspiration due to the fact that one underlying theme is don't give up; as the great Martin Luther King Jr. didn't give up on his vision: equal rights for people of all colors.
Sorry this is so terribly late. I haven't been able to have internet access from my laptop until now.
1. Identify the thesis.
The thesis for this piece is the need for direct action: first identifying the injustice, then negotiating, then self purification, and finally non-violent direct action towards the injustice.
2. What type of claim or argument is this? Is it a claim of value, a claim of fact or a claim of policy?
MLK Jr. points out the differences between the just and unjust laws and states how the unjust laws were morally, ethically, and naturally wrong for mankind.
3. Note the repetition and other stylistic forms King employs. How does the writing style support the argument?
MLK Jr. constantly relates in biblical references throughout his writing. King says that Jesus was the "disturber of peace" while he fought against inequality, yet people who attended church regularly and worshiped Jesus cannot seem to apply his actions to what was going on in 1963.
4. Who is the audience and why is King addressing them?
The direct audience is the clergymen of Birmingham. The audience can also simply be anyone whom reads it. It's beneficial to all because it is about the moralities of mankind.
5. What about this letter gives it universal appeal? What makes it a great piece of literature?
The tone of this letter gives it the universal appeal. The way King wrote this letter points out the issues yet doesn't directly blame anyone for the problems. It's a great piece of literature because it constantly reminds the reader that all humans are equal.
- Joyce Cho - Eng1A - 0900-0950
In response to Dr. King’s letter to his Fellow clergymen, the argument he presented is a claim based on based on facts, policy and value. The city of Birmingham was in distress from the racial tension from the white power structure. Dr. King was called in to revolutionize injustice, which manifests itself in the laws, constitution and the community behavior for example; Negros cannot register to vote although the city may be populated with a majority of blacks, police brutality and being arrested for not having a permit to parade during a nonviolent demonstration. Dr. King valued his freedom and deemed it very important that we as Christians fight for our birthright because “justice too long delayed is justice denied”. MLK (12)
Dr. King points out there are two types of laws “just and unjust”. (14) “One has not only a legal but moral responsibility to obey just laws”. MLK (14) “Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws”.MLK (14) Be the opinion of Dr. King that a law is not a law at all if it’s unjust. To put a law into effect without the opinions of the people especially a certain race of people is an unjust law, it only serves the oppressor.
In conclusion Dr. King gave an intelligent response to his Fellow Clergymen about morality, laws, and oppression. His writing style is that of poetry and it gives a universal reach because the issues discussed are factual and existent.
Andre Stephens
English 1A – 9:00 – 9:50
I agree with Carla when she says that the letter was very important. Dr. King was asked to be there because someone invited him there to participate in a peaceful demonstration if one was needed. He knew that segregation should be illegal because it isolates a race and separates them. He was willing to go against the status quo even if it meant being jailed for it. Not only did he have to stand up for his rights, but he had to for all people.
Rebecca Evans, Munkihjin Munkhabatar, and Joyce Cho
1. Identify the thesis.
The thesis describes the need for direct action. Martin Luther King Jr.’s thesis addresses the need for direct action, he supports this need by describing and chronicling the steps he and his fellow “justice seekers” took. 1. Identifying the injustice 2. Negotiation 3. Self purification 4. Direct action (not violent action).
2. What type of claim or argument is this? Is it a claim of value, a cliam of fact or a claim of policy?
Martin Luther King Jr. provides facts of the accusations of Blacks to support his arguments on policy and value. He addresses policy through the difference between just and un-just laws. He summarizes that any unjust laws are simply morally, ethically and naturally wrong for humankind.
3. Note the repetition and other stylistic forms King employs. How does the writing style support the argument?
Martin Luther King Jr. uses citations form biblical references recognizing the support of Jesus Christ. Jesus was an “agitator” and “disturber of the peace” as he fought for equality. The people of the church worship him but cannot seem to apply his actions to the issues of 1963.
4. Who is the audience and why is King addressing them?
The direct audience is the clergy of Birmingham; however, he is also directing his letter to the white moderate, pressing for action. The letter is beneficial to anyone whom chooses to read it as it highlights key issues of morality, values, and ethics for all mankind.
5. What about this letter gives it universal appeal? What makes it a great piece of literature?
His letter is a lesson to all people at any time in history. It signifies the importance of equality. It simplifies the natural law that all people are equal.
King, Martin Luther Jr. “Birmingham Letter.” University Of Pennsylvania. Page editor: Ali B. Ali-Dinar Ph.D. 15 Jan. 2009. www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham.html
Thesis: injustice laws amongst the Black people
This particular argument is a claim I believe he points out the injustice laws as well an the just laws, Dr. Kings supports his arguments with facts from the bible and his beliefs in Christianity.
Through out Dr. Kings letter, his emphasis strongly on the bible, just laws and the desperate need for change.
Dr. King addresses his letter to the people of Birmingham as well as any and everyone who will listen to his desperate call for help amongst the black communities.
Dr. King’s letter universal and highly important, because it rings the alarm to people of all nations of injustice laws, his cry for equal rights, the effect it has not just on black people but all living creatures. If one law is injustice to one nation it does not affect one culture but all cultures. This is a great piece of literature, because it reminds us to pay attention to the laws created around us and for us.
English 1A
Tipton
Donnovan Jiles
English 1A 9-9:50
1. Identify the thesis.
Time alone isn't capable of curing the injustice; direct action must be taken for changes in discriminatory policies.
2.Time alone isn't capable of curing the injustice; direct action must be taken for changes in discriminatory policies.
I believe that the argument is a claim of value because Dr. king discusses the unjust laws that worked against African Americans and benefited white people(mainly white men).
3.Note the repetition and other stylistic forms King employs. How does the writing style support the argument?
King uses repetition to keep the main focus of the letter throughout the paper.
4. Who is the audience and why is King addressing them?
kincleg's audience are the clergy of Birmingham.
5. What about this letter gives it universal appeal? What makes it a great piece of literature?
The letter affected many people across America and the world just from the subject King addressed. The subject matter makes this a great piece of literature.
Donnovan Jiles
English 1A 9-9:50
1. Identify the thesis.
Time alone isn't capable of curing the injustice; direct action must be taken for changes in discriminatory policies.
2.Time alone isn't capable of curing the injustice; direct action must be taken for changes in discriminatory policies.
I believe that the argument is a claim of value because Dr. king discusses the unjust laws that worked against African Americans and benefited white people(mainly white men).
3.Note the repetition and other stylistic forms King employs. How does the writing style support the argument?
King uses repetition to keep the main focus of the letter throughout the paper.
4. Who is the audience and why is King addressing them?
kincleg's audience are the clergy of Birmingham.
5. What about this letter gives it universal appeal? What makes it a great piece of literature?
The letter affected many people across America and the world just from the subject King addressed. The subject matter makes this a great piece of literature.
Post a Comment
<< Home